Ben-Erik van Wyk
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 Origin & history The sour cherry (a tetraploid) is believed to have originated in southeast Europe and western Asia as a hybrid between the diploid sweet cherry (P. avium) and a tetraploid wild cherry (P. fruticosa). Both sour and sweet cherries were cultivated in Asia Minor and southeastern Europe in ancient times and were spread throughout Europe by the Romans. Sour cherries are grown commercially in all cold temperate parts of the world.
Parts used Ripe fruit.
Cultivation & harvesting Sour cherries are self-compatible (they do not need cross-pollination). |
| Origin & history Bilberry is indigenous to Europe, Asia and North America. It has been wild-harvested in the open woodlands and moors of the northern temperate region for centuries. Small quantities are sometimes exported from Austria and the Balkan region. Parts used Ripe berries. Cultivation & harvesting The plant is not cultivated commercially but is wild-harvested on a large scale. Harvesting is a labour-intensive operation because of the small size of both the berries and the shrubs on which they grow. Blueberries available in shops are cultivated V. corymbosum and not V. |
| The related lowbush blueberry (V. angustifolium) is about 30 cm high and has greenish white flowers and berries very similar to those of highbush blueberry. Also of commercial value is the rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei). Origin & history V. corymbosum and V. ashei are indigenous to the eastern parts of the USA (V. angustifolium in the northeast). Local people have used these berries as a food source for centuries. |
| Uses •& properties Leaves are eaten fresh in smooth or prickly surfaces. Two basic types are salads or are cooked and served with butter as a grown - a crinkle-leaved 'Savoy' type and a vegetable to accompany meat and egg dishes, smooth-leaved type. Several other plants are Spinach can be used in soups, quiches, tarts, pates, loosely referred to as spinach. New Zealand stuffings, souffles, purees and gratins. |
| Cassia originated in Myanmar and the bark is an important commercial spice in China and Vietnam. Other types of cassia include Indonesian cassia (C. burmanii), Saigon cassia (C. loureirii) and Indian cassia (C. tamale). Origin & history Cinnamon originated in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) and parts of India. It is one of the oldest of the spices and was popular in ancient Egypt, Rome and the Middle East (mentioned in the Bible and in Sanskrit texts). |
| Lagenaria), scallops (custard squash), straightneck, crookneck and vegetable spaghetti. The vernacular names in various languages listed below attempt to reflect both summer pumpkin and vegetable marrow. Origin & history C. pepo is one of the oldest known crops (it was found in 10 000-year-old archaeological sites in Mexico). Its cultivation in the southern and eastern USA and some highlands of Central America dates back to at least 2700 bc. The remarkable diversity was already present in pre-Columbian times. |
Victoria Boutenko, M.A.
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 It is clear that the body has to work a lot less when creating protein from the assortment of individual amino acids from greens, rather than the already combined, long molecules of protein, assembled according to the foreign pattern of a totally different creature such as a cow or a chicken. I would like to explain the difference between complex proteins and individual amino acids with a simple anecdote.
Imagine that you have to make a wedding dress for your daughter. |
Heather Boon, BScPhm, PhD and Michael Smith, BPharm, MRPharmS, ND
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 Within Traditional Chinese Medicine, the malodorous fruits are used.
Traditional Use
Although ginkgo has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for such indications as 'benefiting the brain', as an astringent to the lungs, and for the relief of asthma symptoms and coughs,79 it is not generally regarded as a particularly important herb in TCM. However, ginkgo is considered a conventional drug in Europe, where annual sales are estimated at over US $500 million.
Current Medicinal Uses
Ginkgo biloba is one of the most widely used and best researched herbal medicines. |
| While many species of Passiflora produce edible fruits, the ones commonly available are not from P. incarnata but rather P. edulis Sims.3
Current Medicinal Use
Passionflower products are now used primary to treat conditions associated with nervous tension, restlessness, irritability and insomnia.
Relevant Research
Preventative and Therapeutic Effects
CONSTITUENTS12411
þ flavonoids: including vitexin, isovitexin, vitexin-4-O-rhamnoside, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and luteolins (orientin, homoorientin and lucenin). |
Ray Strand, M.D.
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 They include fruits, vegetables, grains, and sugars.The medical community believes that the more simple the sugar (for example, table sugar, candy, or soda pop) one consumes, the faster the sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream and the quicker one's blood sugar rises. A new concept is now being studied, which is called the glycemic index. The glycemic index—or how fast our bodies absorb a particular carbohydrate—is determined by studying each individual carbohydrate. |
The Life Extension Editorial Staff
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 A diet rich in vegetables and fruits is likely to add important antioxidants to the body. However, this may not always be enough. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplements have been studied and found to be important in the treatment of OA. Deficient vitamin C intake, which is common with elderly people, impairs the synthesis of collagen, the main protein of cartilage (Bates 1977). Studies on vitamin E have shown its ability to stimulate the production of cartilage components, such as glycosaminoglycans, as well as to inhibit the breakdown of cartilage. |
| Life Extension Mix is a multinutrient supplement containing pharmaceutical grade extracts from vegetable, fruits, hetbs, and othet food concentrates known fot their potent antioxidant action. Life Extension Mix also provides a potent amount of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and vitamin E. The proper amount (1 mg) of the anti-inflammatory agent coppet is also included. Copper has been shown to be deficient in many people with RA. Life Extension Mix is available in thtee varieties: tablets (9 daily), capsules (12 daily), and powdet (3 scoops daily). |
| An uncooked vegan diet consists of berries, fruits, vegetables, roots, and nuts, with germinated seeds and sprouts, which are rich sources of carotenoids, and vitamins C and E. Hanninen et al. (2000) demonstrated that the subjects eating this type of diet showed highly increased levels of alpha- and beta-carotenes, lycopene, and lutein in their blood. Also, the increases of vitamin C and vitamin E were statistically significant. |
| Food sources of vitamin C are benies, citrus fruits, papayas, and pineapple, as well as tomatoes, broccoli, Bmssels sprouts, dandelion and mustard greens, peas, sweet peppers, and spinach.
Vitamin D—promotes differentiation, inhibits angiogenesis, regulates cell division
According to Bill Sardi, journalist and consumer advocate, the news media occasionally reports a cancer cluster occuning among workers in a specific building. Often the individuals work out of dark basement offices or sealed sterile rooms where they must wear space-like protective clothing. |
| Remove as many processed foods as possible from your diet and replace them with fiber-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals. The addition of 1 tbsp of wheat bran, ground flaxseed, or oat bran to your diet will speed up the process. In most cases, over days or perhaps weeks, your bowels will begin to move more frequently and more easily as a result of these changes. If these changes do not produce the desired effect, and you have ruled out the possibility of underlying disease with your health-care provider, then the suggestions below may be helpful. |
| Vegetables and fruits (taw and with peel intact) are pleasant fibrous additions to the diet.
Garlic—acts as a hypotensive, decreases fibrinogen, inhibits platelet aggregation, thins the blood, protects against LDL oxidation and arterial wall damage, reduces the incidence of arrhythmias, modestly reduces blood glucose levels, protects against iron overload, and is vasodilating
The consensus surrounding the benefits of garlic as a hypolipidemic is not unified. |
H.J. Roberts, M.D.
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 METHANOL IN "NATURAL SOURCES" The FDA and the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American
Medical Association (1985) rationalize the safety of methanol in aspartame products with statements such as "fruits and vegetables are also sources of dietary methanol," and "dietary methanol also arises from fresh fruits and vegetables" (Federal Register Vol. 48, No. 132, July 8, 1983, p. 31380). |
Ray Strand, M.D.
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| An increased amount of fiber is very important in our overall diet and can be found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.4
I recommend between thirty-five and fifty grams of fiber each day. Most Americans consume only eight to ten grams of fiber per day and have come to believe that a bowel movement every other day is more than sufficient. Our paradigm is limited. Perhaps a broader worldview would prove enlightening.
The late Dr. Denis Burkitt, a Christian surgeon famous for discovering the disease Burkitt's lymphoma, practiced medicine in Africa for more than twenty years. |
| In con- diet foods, have one of the trast, fructose (found in fruits) is more difficult highest glycemic indexes of for the body to absorb and is therefore consid- any food, ered low-glycemic, with an index of nineteen.
White table sugar has a glycemic index of sixty-five because it is a disac-charide (made up of two molecules: one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose).
Surprising to many, wheat and white bread actually have a very high glycemic index (even higher than that of table sugar) because of their physical structure. |
Heather Boon, BScPhm, PhD and Michael Smith, BPharm, MRPharmS, ND
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| In the United Kingdom, the hard fruits are referred to by many small boys as 'conkers' and used in a traditional game. Unlike chestnut, the fruit is not edible, though it can be used as fodder for animals.
Medicinal Forms
þ Standardized (to escin) Extract
þ Fresh and Dried Seed
þ Gel or Cream
Parts Used
Medicinally, the seeds and the bark, rather than the fruit, are used. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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 For example, we know that the people who eat the most fruits and vegetables are half as likely to develop cancer as those who eat the least amount of these foods.
It's not just cancer that's nutrition related: about half of all cardiovascular disease and a significant percentage of hypertension cases can be traced to diet as well. In the Nurses' Health Study (an ongoing study of over 120,000 female nurses, begun in Framingham, Massachusetts, in
1976), the nonsmoking women with a median daily intake of 2. |
Dianne Onstad
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 La Fontaine, Fables
Amaranth
249
Rice
268
Barley
251
Rice, Wild
273
Buckwheat
253
Rye
274
Corn/Maize
255
Sorghum
276
Job's Tears
260
Spelt
276
Kamut
261
T'ef/Teff
278
Millet
262
Triticale
279
Oats
263
Wheat
280
Quinoa
266
GRAINS
Grains are the seeds and fruits of cereal grasses that grow in a wide variety of climates and conditions; members of this cereal grass family are commonly referred to as cereal grains. The word cereal is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture. |
Gary Null, Ph.D.
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 Like scientists worldwide, he has found that people whose diets are heavy in fruits and vegetables have lower rates of most cancers. Limonene in citrus fruits, for example, is known to increase the production of enzymes that help the body dispose of potentially carcinogenic substances. Even the National Cancer Institute estimates that one in three cancer deaths are diet related and that 8 of 10 cancers have a nutrition/diet component.
Phytochemicals have been actively used by pharmaceutical companies in making many of their products. |
| This review article notes that studies have consistently shown an increased risk of lung cancer among those with a low intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids, and beta-carotene. Studies also suggest that increasing their intake may lead to a reduction in the risk of the following cancers: mouth, cervix, bladder, rectum, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon, and stomach.
—R.G. Ziegler, et al.,' 'Vegetables, fruits, and Carotenoids and the Risk of Cancer," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53(1 Suppl), January 1991, p. 251S-259S. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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| There are preliminary and still very controversial data suggesting that organically grown food-particularly some fruits and vegetables-may have more vitamin C, minerals, and polyphenols than conventionally grown varieties. Confirming evidence doesn't yet exist. Until larger studies are done confirming these preliminary data, the only definite benefit to organic foods (and one that I believe is considerable) is to the environment.
Whole foods are complex. They contain as-yet-unidentified compounds that can magnify the effects of identified phytonutrients. |
| While whole fruits are the best choice, there are times when you're shopping for another form of citrus—something to spread on your toast. Citrus marmalade can be good for you: the flavonoids found in citrus fruit, which help strengthen capillaries and enhance the effects of vitamin C, survive the manufacturing process when being made into marmalade, as do many of the antioxidants and liminoids. The pectin, the soluble fiber in citrus fruit that sets marmalade, has cholesterol-lowering abilities. It's a better choice than butter on your muffin or toast! |
Earl L. Mindell, RPh, PhD with Virginia Hopkins, MA
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| A diet rich in colorful vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, moderation in the drinking of alcohol and intake of sugar and refined flour, daily exercise, and maintenance of a healthy weight are all important for the diabetic. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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| Our genes are set for hunter-gatherer mode, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, and lean, wild game, not for the majority of foods and beverages found in today's supermarkets.
It has been estimated that 300,000 to 800,000 preventable deaths per year in the United States are nutrition related. These include deaths from atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
Here are eleven disastrous developments in nutrition that are ruining your health and the health of most everyone in modern industrialized societies:
1. Increased portion sizes.
2. |
Dianne Onstad
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| RANCIDITY AND STORAGE
Though they have a long shelf life compared to fruits and vegetables, whole grains are still subject to spoilage. Their natural oils will turn rancid, and they can also fall prey to insect infestation and mold. Grains tightly sealed in closed containers or plastic bags will keep for about three months in a cool, dry place (less in hot or humid weather), and storage in the refrigerator will hold them for at least six months. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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| You grab a basket and fill it with delicious fruits and vegetables. You're thrilled to see that blueberries have come into season and you stock up on spinach and orange bell peppers. There are no ripe tomatoes yet but the broccoli looks perfect. You've got friends coming over for dinner so you'll stop by the fish market for some wild Alaskan salmon. Maybe you'll pick up some almonds; you've been meaning to try that new dessert recipe. You duck out of line for a moment to grab a small red cabbage and smile when the cashier says, "I don't know where you get your energy! |
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